1,3-Butadiene – Resources

by CAREXCanada | Feb 18, 2019

1,3-Butadiene Resources

Package summaries

Traffic-related Air Pollution [PDF]

Tools

eWORK

Publications

Larsen K, Black P, Palmer AL, Sheppard AJ, Jamal S, Plain S, Peters C. “Screening-level assessment of cancer risk associated with ambient air exposure in Aamjiwnaang First Nation.” Int J Environ Health Res 2020:1-12.
Peters CE, Ge CB, Hall AL, Davies HW, Demers PA. “CAREX Canada: an enhanced model for assessing occupational carcinogen exposure.” Occup Environ Med 2015;72(1):64-71.
Setton E, Hystad P, Poplawski K, Cheasley R, Cervantes-Larios A, Keller CP, Demers PA. “Risk-based indicators of Canadians’ exposures to environmental carcinogens.” Environ Health 2013;12(1):15.

Videos

Other

Traffic-related air pollutants – priority carcinogens

Exposure Reduction

Our team has performed a detailed scan of exposure control resources and assembled a compilation of key publications and resources. These are organized by type of exposure (environmental or occupational) and by specificity (general or carcinogen-specific). Please visit our Exposure Reduction Resources page to view.

We also recommend exploring the Prevention Policies Directory, a freely-accessible online tool offering information on policies related to cancer and chronic disease prevention. Providing summaries of the policies and direct access to the policy documents, the Directory allows users to search by carcinogen, risk factor, jurisdiction, geographical location, and document type. For questions about this resource, please contact a member of the Prevention Team at the Canadian Partnership Against Cancer at primary.prevention@partnershipagainstcancer.ca.

CAREX Canada

School of Population and Public Health

University of British Columbia
Vancouver Campus
370A - 2206 East Mall
Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3
CANADA

Email: info@carexcanada.ca

FAQs
Terms of Use
Glossary

As a national organization, our work extends across borders into many Indigenous lands throughout Canada. We gratefully acknowledge that our host institution, the University of British Columbia Point Grey campus, is located on the traditional, ancestral and unceded territories of the xʷməθkʷəy̓əm (Musqueam) people.

1,4-Dioxane

by CAREXCanada | Mar 20, 2019

SUBSTANCE PROFILE

OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES

RESOURCES

1,4-Dioxane Profile

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS – POSSIBLE CARCINOGEN (IARC 2B)

General Information

Regulations and Guidelines

Main Uses

Canadian Production and Trade

Environmental Exposures Overview

Occupational Exposures Overview

Sources

CAS No. 123-91-1

IARC Monograph Vol. 71, 1999 (Group 2B)

How did CAREX choose this agent for review?

1,4-Dioxane Profile

General Information

1,4-dioxane is a clear and colourless liquid[1] with a faint, pleasant odour.[2] It is a synthetic industrial chemical used as a stabilizer and a solvent.[3] It may also be referred to as dioxane, 1,4-diethylene dioxide, or diethylene oxide.[4] There are numerous other synonyms and product names; see Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) for more information.[4]

1,4-dioxane is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as Group 2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans, based on data in experimental animals.[5] When administered orally to mice, rats and guinea pigs, 1,4-dioxane produced increased incidences of tumours in a variety of sites including the skin, liver, nasal cavity, and mammary gland.[5]

There is insufficient evidence to assess the carcinogenicity of 1,4-dioxane in humans. In a small occupational study between 1954 and 1975, mortality rates were not elevated in workers exposed to low concentrations of 1,4-dioxane.[6]

Additional adverse health effects of exposure to 1,4-dioxane include liver and kidney damage, resulting from high levels of exposure.[2] Eye and nose irritation is reported from short term, low level exposure.[2]

Regulations and Guidelines

Occupational exposure limits (OEL) [7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21]

Canadian Jurisdictions	OEL (ppm)
Canada Labour Code	20 [sk]
BC, AB, MB, ON, QC, NL, PE, NS	20 [sk]
SK, NT, NU	20 [sk] 30 [stel]
NB	20 [sk]
YT	50 [sk] 50 [stel]
Other Jurisdiction	OEL (ppm)
ACGIH 2020 TLV	20 [sk]

ppm = parts per million
sk = easily absorbed through the skin
stel = short term exposure limit (15 min. maximum)
ACGIH = American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
TLV = threshold limit value

Canadian environmental guidelines and standards*

Jurisdiction	Limit	Year
Cosmetic Ingredients Hotlist	Not Permitted	2004[22]
BC’s Contaminated Sites Regulation, BC Reg 375/96	Sets soil standards for the protection of human health: Agricultural and low density residential sites: 70 μg/g Urban park and high density residential sites: 150 μg/g Commercial and industrial sites: 350 μg/g Drinking water: 1.5 μg/L	2017[23]
Ontario’s Ambient Air Quality Criteria	24 hour: 3,500 μg/m³	2016[24]

Jurisdiction

Limit

Year

Cosmetic Ingredients Hotlist

Not Permitted

2004[22]

BC’s Contaminated Sites Regulation, BC Reg 375/96

Sets soil standards for the protection of human health:
Agricultural and low density residential sites: 70 μg/g
Urban park and high density residential sites: 150 μg/g
Commercial and industrial sites: 350 μg/g

Drinking water: 1.5 μg/L

2017[23]

Ontario’s Ambient Air Quality Criteria

24 hour: 3,500 μg/m³

2016[24]

*Standards are legislated and legally enforceable, while guidelines (including Ontario ambient air quality criteria) describe concentrations of contaminants in the environment (e.g. air, water) that are protective against adverse health, environmental, or aesthetic (e.g. odour) effects

Canadian agencies/organizations

Agency	Designation/Position	Year
Health Canada	DSL – high priority substance with the greatest potential for exposure	2006[25]
Challenge to Industry	Batch 7 (Health)	2008[26]
National Classification System for Contaminated Sites	Rank= “High hazard”, potential human carcinogen	2008[27]
Environment Canada’s National Pollutant Release Inventory	Reportable to NPRI if manufactured, processed, or otherwise used at quantities greater than 10 tonnes	2016[28]

DSL = domestic substance list

1,4-dioxane was not included in other Canadian government guidelines, standards, or chemical listings reviewed.

Main Uses

Historically, 1,4-dioxane was used to stabilize a chemical called 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA).[2] TCA use was limited in the US in 1996 due to its ozone-depleting properties, making 1,4-dioxane use for this purpose no longer significant.[2]

Currently, 1,4-dioxane is used as a laboratory reagent and as a solvent to produce cellulose acetate, ethyl cellulose, benzyl cellulose, lacquers, plastics, varnishes, paints, dyes, resins, oils, fats, waxes, greases, polyvinyl polymers, and wood pulp.[1] It has also been used as a chemical intermediate, catalyst for polymerization, and an extraction medium, as well as in plastic, rubber, and pesticide production.[2]

1,4-dioxane also has a minor use as a working fluid for measuring radioactivity and optical activity, and purifying drugs. It can also act as a spectroscopic-photometric solvent and a manufacturing agent for membrane filters.[4]

Canadian Production and Trade

Activity	Quantity	Year
Canadian Production	10 – 100 t	2006[29]
Export: N/A	None	2021[30]
Import: N/A	None	2021[30]

t = tonne

Environmental Exposures Overview

Although there is little quantitative data regarding levels of exposure to the general population, sources of 1,4-dioxane (in order of expected importance) are ambient and indoor air, drinking water, food, and dermal exposure from consumer products.[31]

Recent air monitoring data is not available. However, concentrations are expected to be higher near point sources such as contaminated sites.[31]

1,4-dioxane in tap water may volatilize during showering, bathing, and laundering, which creates a source of exposure.[31] 1,4-dioxane is soluble in water and can leach through soil into groundwater.[31]

Food may become contaminated through packaging made from 1,4-dioxane-containing materials, or crops treated with pesticides containing 1,4-dioxane.[1,32] However, since dioxane is not registered in Canada for use in pesticides either as an active ingredient or in any formulations,[33,34] this is not likely to be a source of exposure.

Residual levels of 1,4-dioxane may be found in consumer products including detergents, shampoos, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.[31] During manufacturing of these products, 1,4-dioxane can be formed as a by-product when ethylene oxide or ethylene glycol are condensed.[31] Although current practice is to remove 1,4-dioxane prior to adding ethoxylated compounds, impurities may still be a concern.

Historically, 1,4-dioxane was rarely investigated during site assessments and remediation because past methods of analysis did not reliably detect the compound.[35] There is currently a growing body of knowledge to address remediation and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has classified 1,4-dioxane as an “Emerging Contaminant”.[3]

Sites typically contaminated with 1,4-dioxane include solvent release sites, and areas where wastewater is discharged from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic manufacturing.[3] An internet product search yielded 31 suppliers of PET plastic and products in Canada.

Searches of environmental and consumer product databases yielded the following results on the potential for exposure to 1,4-dioxane in Canada:

NPRI and US Consumer Product Information Database

NPRI 2015[36]
Search term: ‘1,4-Dioxane’
Category	Quantity	Industry
Released into Environment	5 t	Basic chemical manufacturing (2 facilities)
Disposed of	None
Sent to off-site recycling	None

US Consumer Products 2016[37]
Search Term	Quantity	Product Type
‘1,4-dioxane’	3	Adhesives & pet care: pesticidal shampoo

t = tonne

Occupational Exposures Overview

Both inhalation and dermal contact are important routes of occupational exposure to 1,4-dioxane.[38]

CAREX Canada estimates that approximately 3,000 Canadian are exposed to 1,4-dioxane in the workplace. The industry with the largest number of workers exposed to 1,4-dioxane is pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing, followed by professional, scientific, and technical services. The largest occupational groups exposed are chemical technologists and technicians followed by chemists and chemical plant machine operators.

A European occupational exposure assessment developed models for three exposure scenarios including producing 1,4-dioxane, formulating products that contain it, and end-use (either of dioxane itself or products containing it).[38] Dermal exposures were predicted to be highest during the use of dioxane-containing metal cleaning products (1.5 mg/cm² skin/day). Estimates of inhalation exposure were highest during product formulation; for example adding 1,4-dioxane, and mixing and bagging the final product (typical concentration estimated at 40 mg/m³).

For more information, see the occupational exposure estimate for 1,4-dioxane.

Occupational Estimate

Sources

1. National Toxicology Profile (NTP). 14th Report on Carcinogens for 1, 4-Dioxane (2016) (PDF)

2. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Toxicological Profile for 1,4-dioxane Draft (2012) (PDF)

3. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Technical Fact Sheet – 1,4-Dioxane November (2017) (PDF)

4. US National Library of Medicine. PubChem (Search term: ‘dioxane’)

5. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Monograph summary, Volume 71 (1999) (PDF)

6. Buffler P, et al. “Mortality follow-up of workers exposed to 1,4-dioxane.” Journ of Occ Med 1978;20:259.

7. Ministry of Justice. Canada Occupational Health and Safety Regulations (SOR/86-304) (2019)

8. Government of Alberta. Occupational Health and Safety Code. Alberta Regulation 87/2009 (2019) (PDF)

9. WorkSafeBC. Occupational Health and Safety Regulation, BC Reg 296/97, Part 5 (2020)

10. The Canadian Legal Information Institute (CanLII) Manitoba Regulation 217/2006 Workplace Safety and Health Regulation (2022)

11. Justice and Office of the Attorney General. Government of New Brunswick’s General Regulation 91-191, under the Occupational Health and Safety Act (2020)

12. Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. Regulation 5,12 Occupational Health and Safety Regulations (2018)

13. Government of the Northwest Territories. Occupational Health and Safety Regulations, R-039-2015 (2020) (PDF)

14. Government of Nova Scotia. Workplace Health and Safety Regulations made under Section 82 of the Occupational Health and Safety Act (2015)

15. The Canadian Legal Information Institute (CanLII). Government of Nunavut’s Occupational Health and Safety Regulations, Nu Reg 003-2016 (2010)

16. Ontario Ministry of Labour. Current Occupational Exposure Limits for Ontario Workplaces Required Under Regulation 833 (2020)

17. Government of Prince Edward Island. Occupational Health and Safety Act Regulations Chapter 0-1 (2013) (PDF)

18. Government of Quebec. Regulation Respecting Occupational Health and Safety (2020)

19. The Canadian Legal Information Institute (CanLII) The Occupational Health and Safety Regulations, 1996 (2022)

20. The Canadian Legal Information Institute (CanLII). Yukon’s Occupational Health Regulations, O.I.C. 1986/164 (2020) (PDF)

21. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Annotated PELs (2020)

22. Health Canada. Cosmetic Ingredient Hotlist (2019)

23. Government of British Columbia. Contaminated Sites Regulation B.C. Reg. 375/96 (2021)

24. Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change. Ontario’s Ambient Air Quality Criteria (2019)

25. Health Canada. Health Canada’s Prioritization of the DSL (2006)

26. Government of Canada. Chemicals Management Plan – List of all Challenge Substances (2010)

27. Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME). National Classification System for Contaminated Sites (2008) (PDF)

28. Environment Canada. National Pollutant Release Inventory: Substance list (2019)

29. Environment Canada. Screening Assessment for the Challenge, 1,4-Dioxane (2010) (PDF)

30. International Trade Centre. TradeMap (Free subscription required)

31. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Toxicological Profile for 1,4-Dioxane (2012) (PDF)

32. Environment and Climate Change Canada. Screening Assessment for the Challenge – 1,4-Dioxane (2010)

33. Health Canada. PMRA Pesticides Product Registry (2014)

34. Health Canada. Pesticide Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) List of Formulants, Health Canada (2007) (PDF)

35. Environmental Science and Engineering Magazine. 1,4-Dioxane: A Little Known Compound (2002)

36. Environment and Climate Change Canada. National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI) data search (2017) (Substance name: ‘1,4-Dioxane’)

37. Consumer Product Information Database (CPID). What’s in it? (2022) (Search term: ‘1,4-Dioxane’)

38. European Commission, Joint Research Centre. European Union risk assessment report: 1,4-dioxane : CAS No. 123-91-1. EINECS No: 204-661-8. (2017)

Other Resources

The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). ASTDR ToxFAQ Sheet for 1,2-Dioxane (2012) (PDF)
World Health Organization (WHO). Chemical fact sheets: 1,4-Dioxane (2022)
Lesage S, Jackson RE, Priddle MW, Riemann PG. “Occurrence and fate of organic solvent residues in anoxic groundwater at the Gloucester Landfill, Canada.” Environ Sci Tech1990;24:559-565.

NEXT: Occupational Exposures >>

CAREX Canada

School of Population and Public Health

University of British Columbia
Vancouver Campus
370A - 2206 East Mall
Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3
CANADA

Email: info@carexcanada.ca

FAQs
Terms of Use
Glossary

1,4-Dioxane – Occupational Exposures

by CAREXCanada | Feb 27, 2019

SUBSTANCE PROFILE

OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES

RESOURCES

1,4-Dioxane Occupational Exposures

Overview

Prevalence Estimate

Methods and Data

1,4-Dioxane Occupational Exposures

Overview

Both inhalation and dermal contact are important routes of occupational exposure to 1,4-dioxane.[1] CAREX Canada estimates that approximately 3,000 Canadian are exposed to 1,4-dioxane in the workplace.

Prevalence Estimate

Results show that approximately 3,000 Canadians are exposed to 1,4-dioxane in their workplaces; 56% of these workers are male.

The largest exposed industry groups are pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing, followed by professional, scientific and technical services, basic chemical manufacturing, and public administration. When exposure is examined by occupation, the largest exposed group is chemical technologists and technicians (1,200 workers exposed), followed by chemists (720 workers exposed), chemical plant operators (330 workers exposed) and labourers in chemical products processing and utilities (220 workers exposed).

The number of workers exposed to 1,4-dioxane decreased by approximately 660 workers from 2006 to 2016 (an 18% decrease). This was primarily driven by a decrease in the total number of workers in the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry.

Workers exposed to 1,4-dioxane by industry in 2016

Workers exposed to 1,4-dioxane by region in 2016

Click the second tab to view total number of workers exposed.

* = < 50 workers

Methods and Data

Our Occupational Approach page outlines the general approach used to calculate prevalence and exposure level estimates for workplace exposures.

Data Sources

Data used in developing the occupational estimates for 1,4-dioxane were collected from several sources:

The Canadian Workplace Exposure Database (CWED) contains over 300 measurements for 1,4-dioxane exposure. These measurements were collected during the years 1981 to 2004 in Ontario and British Columbia workplaces.
Canadian and US scientific peer reviewed publications that addressed 1,4-dioxane exposure in Canada and the United States.
Grey literature including technical reports from governments and international bodies.

Prevalence Estimate Method

CAREX defines exposure to 1,4-dioxane as inhalation and dermal contact at work to levels above those encountered in the general environment.

To determine the number of workers potentially exposed to 1,4-dioxane at work, CAREX occupational exposure experts used methods previously established in other peer-reviewed CAREX projects in Europe. A series of steps were taken to assign exposure proportions to occupations and industries at risk of exposure to 1,4-dioxane.

Occupations and industries at risk of possible exposure to 1,4-dioxane were identified using any combination of data sources described above.
The total number of workers in each identified occupation and industry intersection was obtained from Statistics Canada 2016 census data.
A percentage of workers exposed was assigned to that occupation and industry intersection. Percentages were determined by consultation with existing evidence in the data sources, previously established methods from the Europe CAREX estimates and the expert judgement of CAREX occupational hygienists.
The number of workers in the identified group is multiplied by the assigned percentage to calculate the prevalence estimate of workers exposed to 1,4-dioxane.

Sources

1. European Chemicals Bureau. European Union Risk Assessment Report: 1,4-Dioxane (2002) (PDF)

NEXT: Resources >>

CAREX Canada

School of Population and Public Health

University of British Columbia
Vancouver Campus
370A - 2206 East Mall
Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3
CANADA

Email: info@carexcanada.ca

FAQs
Terms of Use
Glossary

1,4-Dioxane – Resources

by CAREXCanada | Feb 18, 2019

SUBSTANCE PROFILE

OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES

RESOURCES

1,4-Dioxane Resources

Tools

eWORK

Publications

Peters CE, Ge CB, Hall AL, Davies HW, Demers PA. “CAREX Canada: an enhanced model for assessing occupational carcinogen exposure.” Occup Environ Med 2015;72(1):64-71.

Videos

Exposure Reduction

CAREX Canada

School of Population and Public Health

University of British Columbia
Vancouver Campus
370A - 2206 East Mall
Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3
CANADA

Email: info@carexcanada.ca

FAQs
Terms of Use
Glossary

2-Nitropropane

by CAREXCanada | Mar 20, 2019

SUBSTANCE PROFILE

RESOURCES

2-Nitropropane Profile

INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS – POSSIBLE CARCINOGEN (IARC 2B)

General Information

Regulations and Guidelines

Main Uses

Canadian Production and Trade

Environmental Exposures Overview

Occupational Exposures Overview

Sources

CAS No. 79-46-9

IARC Monograph Vol. 71, 1999 (Group 2B)

How did CAREX choose this agent for review?

2-Nitropropane Profile

General Information

2-Nitropropane is a colourless, oily liquid with a mild and sweet odour.[1,2] It is flammable and soluble in water.[1] It may also be referred to as dimethylnitromethane or isonitropropane.[2] There are numerous other synonyms and product names; see HSDB for more information.[3]

2-Nitropropane was classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as Group 2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans, based on animal studies linking exposure to liver cancer in rats.[4] The carcinogenicity of 2-nitropropane in humans was not evaluated due to the lack of adequate epidemiological data.[4]

Chronic inhalation of 2-nitropropane in occupational settings is associated with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, severe headaches, and pulmonary irritation.[5] Acute exposure to high concentrations of 2-nitropropane can cause liver damage and death.[5,6]

Regulations and Guidelines

Occupational exposure limits (OEL) [7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21]

Canadian Jurisdictions	OEL (ppm)
Canada Labour Code	10
AB, MB, ON, QC, NL, PE, NB, NS	10
BC	5
SK, NT, NU	10 20 [stel]
YT	25
Other Jurisdictions	OEL (ppm)
ACGIH 2020 TLV	10

ppm = parts per million
stel = short term exposure limit (15 min. maximum)
c = ceiling (not to be exceeded at any time)
TLV = threshold limit value (8 hour maximum)
ACGIH = American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists

Canadian environmental guidelines

Jurisdiction	Designation	Year
Environment Canada’s National Pollutant Release Inventory	Reportable to NPRI if manufactured, processed, or otherwise used at quantities greater than 10 tonnes	2016[22]

CE = permitted as carriers or extraction solvents
ppm = parts per million

2-Nitropropane was removed from the List of Permitted Food Additives in 2016.[23]

Canadian agencies/organizations

Agency	Designation/Position	Year
Health Canada	DSL – high priority substance with intermediate potential for exposure	2006[24]
Challenge to Industry	Batch 8	2010[25]

DSL = domestic substance list

2-Nitropropane was not included in other Canadian government guidelines, standards, or chemical listings reviewed.

Main Uses

2-Nitropropane is primarily used as a solvent in inks, paints, varnishes, coatings, adhesives, and various organic compound resins.[1,4] 2-Nitropropane is also used as a chemical intermediate in producing propane derivatives such as 2-nitro-2-methyl-1-propanol and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol.[1,2] It is used to a lesser extent as: a component in paint and varnish removers;[6] a chemical intermediate in manufacturing pharmaceuticals, dyes, insecticides, and textile chemicals;[5,6] and an additive in explosives, propellants, and fuels for internal combustion.[1]

Canadian Production and Trade

2-Nitropropane is not manufactured in reportable quantities in Canada.[5] An estimated 100-1000 kg of 2-nitropropane were imported into Canada in 2006.[5] No other quantitative Canadian commercial production and trade information was found for 2-nitropropane.[26,27]

Environmental Exposures Overview

Environmental exposure to 2-nitropropane is estimated to be very low in Canada.[2,6] Sources of potential environmental exposure include contaminated ambient air and water near industrial sites of 2-nitropropane manufacture and use, as well as cigarette
smoke.[4]

2-Nitropropane may be present in trace amounts in certain pharmaceuticals that use 2-nitropropane as a chemical intermediate during production.[6] Approximately 1.1-1.2 µg of 2-nitropropane is present in the mainstream smoke of a single unfiltered
cigarette.[6]

Exposure may also occur by consuming foods processed with solvents containing 2-nitropropane or packaged with materials containing 2-nitropropane, such as beverage can coatings and packaging inks.[2,6] Recent food packaging submissions to Health Canada’s Food Directorate suggest that the latter use is unlikely in Canada.[6] Using 2-nitropropane as a carrier and extraction solvent in vegetable oil is permitted in Canada, though this is no longer practiced.[6,22] The World Health Organization does not recommend using 2-nitropropane in food processing, however Canadians may be exposed by consuming imported foods processed with 2-nitropropane.[2,6]

Use of 2-nitropropane in consumer products has largely been eliminated. Adhesives, paints, and coatings containing 2-nitropropane are mostly used in industrial and commercial applications.[6] Release of 2-nitropropane into the environment is reportable to the NPRI in Canada. No releases have been reported since 1996, when 0.125 tonnes were released by 1 company involved in plastics and foam manufacture.[6,28]

2-Nitropropane is not included in the Consumer Product Information Database.[29]

Occupational Exposures Overview

Inhalation is the most important route of occupational exposure to 2-nitropropane, although ingestion and dermal exposures are also possible.[1,2] The main occupations exposed include: workers involved in 2-nitropropane manufacturing and handling; paint, ink, pigment coating, and varnish production; printing and painting; industrial construction and maintenance; shipbuilding and maintenance; furniture manufacturing; tire manufacturing; food packaging; and scientific research.[1,2]

Since producing 2-nitropropane is often an enclosed process, exposure is limited.[2] The highest exposures occur during handling, transport, and use of 2-nitropropane and 2-nitropropane-containing products.[2]

CAREX Canada has not prioritized 2-nitropropane for exposure estimate development. This is because there is a lack of exposure monitoring data in the Canadian Workplace Exposure Database on which to base an estimate.