Tetrachloroethylene
Full Profile
General Information
Tetrachloroethylene, used commercially since the early 1900’s, has been an important chlorinated solvent worldwide.[2] Tetrachloroethylene is a colourless, volatile liquid with an ether-like odour.[3] It is also commonly referred to as perchloroethylene (PCE) or PERC.[4] There are numerous other synonyms and product names; see HSDB for more information.[4]
IARC has classified tetrachloroethylene as Group 2A, probably carcinogenic to humans, based on sufficient evidence in animals.[2] Tetrachloroethylene is known to cause leukemia in rats and liver cancer in mice.[3] Exposure to PERC also caused kidney cancer in male rats.[3]
Studies in drycleaning workers exposed to PERC show consistently positive associations with the development of oesophageal and cervical cancer, as well as non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. It is unlikely that these associations are due to chance, but the studies were limited by small numbers of cases and concurrent exposure to petroleum solvents and other drycleaning agents.[2,3]
Other adverse health effects associated with exposure to tetrachloroethylene include skin irritation and burns, depression of the central nervous system, liver and kidney damage, and reproductive effects.[2,4]
How did CAREX choose this agent for review?
Regulations and Guidelines
Occupational Exposure Limits (OEL)
| Canadian Jurisdictions | OEL (ppm) |
|---|---|
| Canada Labour Code | 25 100 [stel] |
| BC, AB, SK, MB, ON, QC, NL, NB, PE, NS | 25 100 [stel] |
| NT, NU, YT | 100 150 [stel] |
| Other Jurisdiction | OEL (ppm) |
| ACGIH 2012 TLV | 25 100 [stel] |
Canadian Environmental Guidelines
| Jurisdiction | Limit | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Canadian Drinking Water Guidelines | 0.03 mg/L | 2010[5] |
| Cosmetic Ingredients Hotlist | Not Permitted | 2011[16] |
Tetrachloroethylene was not included in other Canadian government environmental guidelines reviewed.[6,17]
Canadian Agencies/Organizations
| Agency | Designation/Position | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Health Canada | DSL – low priority substance (already risk managed) | 2006[7] |
| CEPA | Schedule 1, paragraph ‘a’ | 1999[8] |
| Environment Canada: Tetrachloroethylene in Dry Cleaning Regulations |
PERC must be used in a closed-loop, dry to dry machine. May not be used for spot treatments*. |
2003[9] |
| CEPA 1999: Solvent Degreasing Regulations | Users of >1,000 kg/yr of PERC for cold or vapour degreasing must comply with the regulations. |
2003[10] |
Tetrachloroethylene was not included in other Canadian government chemical listings reviewed.[18]
Main Uses
PERC is used primarily for dry cleaning and metal degreasing purposes.[11] It is often used in combination with another chlorinated solvent called trichloroethylene (or TCE). Please see the CAREX Carcinogen Profile for TCE for more information.
PERC is used for its ability to remove fats, greases, waxes and oils from fabric without damaging it.[12] It was introduced to the dry cleaning industry in the 1930s.[13] It replaced benzene, gasoline, kerosene and camphene which were commonly used for stain removal at the time.[13] Up until 1996, the main use of PERC was in the drycleaning industry;[14] in response to lower workplace exposure limits, this use declined during the 1990s in the US.[3]
Canadian regulations passed in 2003 require the metal degreasing industry to decrease consumption of tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene by 65% from 2007-2021.[10]
PERC has primarily been used as a chemical intermediate since 1996, notably in the production of fluorinated compounds (mainly CFC-113 and HFC-1134a).[14] It is also used in paint removers, printing inks, spot removers, automotive cleaners, and adhesives.[3]
Canadian Production and Trade
Production and Trade
| Activity | Quantity | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Canadian Production | None since 1989 | 2004[15] |
| Export: Mainly to South Africa | 1,858 t of ‘tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene)’ | 2010[19] |
| Import: Mainly from US | 11,976 t of 'tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene)' | 2010[19] |
Occupational Exposures
Inhalation is the most important route of occupational exposure to tetrachloroethylene.[2]
Workers in the dry cleaning industry, performing metal degreasing, in fluorocarbon production, and in the chemical production industry are at risk of exposure to tetrachloroethylene.[3] Exposure to tetrachloroethylene in the dry cleaning industry has decreased considerably over the last 30 years. In the US, the arithmetic mean exposure in the 1970s was 67 ppm (range 0 to 1000). For the years of 1990 to 2002, the arithmetic mean exposure was 10 ppm (range 0.01 to 334).[20]
Environmental Exposures
The most important routes of exposure for the general public are inhalation of ambient air and ingestion of water contaminated by tetrachloroethylene.[4] Improper disposal and releases from dry-cleaning facilities and landfills can lead to ground water contamination and potential environmental exposures.[11] Some samples of Canadian drinking water have also been found to contain tetrachloroethylene.[11]
The general public may be exposed to tetrachloroethylene by frequenting or living near dry cleaning businesses or via contact with freshly dry-cleaned clothing.[3] There is evidence suggesting that the family members of workers employed at dry cleaning facilities are more exposed to tetrachloroethylene than the general population.[21]
Tetrachloroethylene has been detected in dairy products, meats, oils and fats, beverages, fruits and vegetables, bread, fish, shellfish, and marine mammals.[11]
Searches of environmental and consumer product databases yielded the following results on current potential for exposure to tetrachloroethylene in Canada:
NPRI and US Household Products Database
| NPRI 2010[22] | ||
|---|---|---|
| Search term: ‘tetrachloroethylene' | ||
| Category | Quantity | Industry |
| Released into Environment | 35 t | Dry cleaners, chemical manufacturers and waste collection and treatment facilities (39 companies) |
| Disposed of | 79 t | |
| Sent to off-site recycling | 55 t | |
| US Household Products 2012[23] | ||
|---|---|---|
| Search Term | Quantity | Product Type |
| ’tetrachloroethylene’ | 30 | Mostly auto part cleaners; also lubricants, hobby/craft adhesives, household stain removers. |
Sources
- Wikimedia Commons Photo: Tetrachloroethylene
- IARC monograph summary, Volume 63, 1995 (PDF)
- NTP 12th Report on Carcinogens for Tetrachloroethylene (2011) (PDF)
- Hazardous Substances Data Bank (Search term: ‘tetrachloroethylene’)
- Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water (2010)
- Exposure Guidelines for Residential Indoor Air Quality (1987) (PDF)
- Health Canada’s Prioritization of the DSL (2006)
- CEPA List of Toxic Substances (1999)
- Environment Canada (2003) Tetrachloroethylene Regulations: Compliance Guide for Dry Cleaners
- CEPA 1999 Solvent Degreasing Regulations
- Priority Substances List assessment report (CEPA): Tetrachloroethylene (1993) (PDF)
- ATSDR Toxological Profile: Tetrachloroethylene (1997) (PDF)
- Drycleaning and Laundry Institute International
- Doherty RE. 2000. A history of the production and use of carbon tetrachloride, tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane in the United States: Part 1: Historical background; Carbon tetrachloride and tetrachloroethylene. Env. Forensics; 1(2):69-81.
- CPI Product Profiles, Camford Information Services: Perchloroethylene (2004)
- Health Canada (2011) Cosmetic Ingredient Hotlist
- Health Canada (2006) Food Additives Permitted for Use in Canada
- Government of Canada (2010) Chemicals Management Plan – List of all Challenge Substances
- TradeMap (Free subscription required)
- Gold et al. 2008. Systematic literature review of uses and levels of occupational exposure to tetrachloroethylene, J. Occ. Environ. Hygiene; 5:809-839.
- Aggazzotti G, Fantuzzi G, Predieri G, Righi E, Moscardelli S. Indoor exposure to perchloroethylene (PCE) in individuals living with dry-cleaning workers. Sci Total Environ. 1994 Nov 25;156(2):133-7.
- The National Pollutant Release Inventory
- Household Products Database (US)
